1a), but many paleo-Nile branches existed during the Early-Middle Holocene 1. 1.8 km east of the Rosetta Branch, one of the two main tributaries of the present delta (Fig. The site of Sais covers an area of 0.16 km 2 and stands on the floodplain with an elevation ca. 3–15 m amsl inland, primarily due to catastrophic flood-related aggradation during the Africa Humid Period (AHP) 15 (Fig. The delta is topographically elevated from 1–2 m above mean sea level (amsl) along the delta-coast, but quickly rises to ca.
7000 years ago, when the sea reached closer to its present level 14. 2.4 × 10 4 km 2) of NE Africa is a significant component of the Egyptian landscape. The findings of this study are multidisciplinary, being new assessments to complement knowledge in the geoarchaeological field of the Nile Delta. However, our search of the literature has shown that very few NPP studies have been reported from the Nile Delta in a geoarchaeological context.
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NPP studies started in the 1970s and have since advanced significantly 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, and those descriptions, identifications, morphotype code numbers and related ecological information were examined as relevant studies progressed 10, 11, 12, 13. NPP includes microfossil remains of vascular plants as well as a great variety of degradation-resistant remains of fungi, algae and invertibrates 7, 8. We use non-pollen palynomorphs (NPP) and pollen grains in our examinations. We interpret our microfossil evidence to indicate that the earliest settlers in the Nile Delta were herders and that this then developed into a combination of herding and farming. We also identify evidence of fire-enhanced land exploitation after this time. We find that animal microfossils (dung and hair) occur in substantial quantities from around 7,000 years ago in our high-resolution-dated non-pollen palynomorphs spectrum, while domesticated cereals emerge in the spectrum around 300 years later. Here we use non-pollen palynomorphs and pollen grains from a sediment core taken at Sais, one of the earliest archaeological sites in the west-central Nile Delta, to investigate the livelihood patterns and transition of early settlers there. However, the livelihood patterns of the earliest settlers – whether they were farmers or herders – remains poorly understood. The Nile Delta in Egypt represents a valuable location to study the history of human societal development and agricultural advancement.
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